*Under construction*

Base:

Internet protocol suite classifies its methods and protocols into four hierarchical abstraction layers. From the lowest to the highest communication layer, these are:

• the link layer
• the internet layer
• the transport layer
• application layer.

Layer	Protocols
Application	FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, DNS...
Transport	TCP, UDP,uIPv6
Network	IPv4, IPv6,...
Data Link	Ethernet, Wi-Fi,...
Physical	RS-232, EIA-422, RS-449, EIA-485, 10BASE2, 10BASE-T, ...

Applicable for the Internet of Things include:

Web Technologies:

HTML, XML, JSON, REST(Representational state transfer), TLS, SOAP, WebHooks

Websocket:
The WebSocket specification—developed as part of the HTML5 initiative—introduced the WebSocket JavaScript interface, which defines a full-duplex single socket connection over which messages can be sent between client and server. The WebSocket standard simplifies much of the complexity around bi-directional web communication and connection management.

User Interfaces:

Web Services, Mobile, SMS, Chat, Social media

Identification Technology



Application Layer:


Transport Layer:

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
A simple OSI transport layer protocol for client/server network applications based on Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is the main alternative to TCP and one of the oldest network protocols in existence, introduced in 1980. UDP is often used in applications specially tuned for real-time performance.

Network Layer:

IPv6

uIP & uIPv6:
uIP is an implementation of the TCP/IP protocol stack intended for small 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers. It provides the necessary protocols for Internet communication, with a very small code footprint and RAM requirements - the uIP code size is on the order of a few kilobytes and RAM usage is on the order of a few hundred bytes.

Data Link:

Cellular, GPRS/2G/3G/4G cellular

Ethernet

Lan

IEEE 802.15.4

6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN is a acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks. It is an adaption layer for IPv6 over IEEE802.15.4 links. This protocol operates only in the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer rate. There is no encryption defined by the 6LoWPAN protocol, the range isup to 200 meter and the maximum nodes is limited to 100per network. This limitation exists for one channel and can be extended using wired backbones to connect subnets.

WiMax
WiMax is based on the standard IEEE 802.16 [6] and is intendedfor wireless metropolitan area networks. The rangeis different for fixed stations, where it can go up to 50 kmand mobile devices with 5 to 15 km. WiMAx operates atfrequencies between 2.5 GHz to 5.8 GHz with a transferrate of 40 Mbps.

NFC [8] is based on the standard ISO/IEC 18092:2004,using inductive coupled devices at a center frequency of13.56 MHz. The data rate is up to 424 kbps and the rangeis with a few meters short compared to the wireless sensornetworks.

Alternatives:

ZigBee
The ZigBee protocol uses the 802.15.4 standard and operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps. The maximum number of nodes in the network is 1024 with a range up to 200 meter. ZigBee can use 128 bit AES encryption.

EnOcean:
EnOcean is a sensor network which works in the frequencies of 868 MHz for europe and 315 MHz for North America. The transmit range goes up to 30 meter in buildings and up to 300 meter outdoor. Encryption is not included but EnOcean is prepairing rolling code encryption for their nodes.

ETSI M2M

Dash7:
Based on the ISO 18000-7 Standard and uses a RF frequency of 433.92 MHz and a transfer rate up to 20kbps. The range can be adjusted from 100 to 10 kilometer with a dynamically adjustable datarate of 28 kbps to 200kbps. The ISO Standard is not available for free.

Bluetooth:
Bluetooth works in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and uses frequency hopping. With a data rate up to 3 Mbps and maximum range of 100m. Each application type which can use Bluetooth has its own profile. 

Physical:

CCNx
CCNx® is an open source project in early stage development exploring the next step in networking, based on one fundamental architectural change: replacing named hosts with named content as the primary abstraction.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)
A specialized RESTful (Representational State Transfer) protocol for use with constrained networks and nodes for machine-to-machine applications such as smart energy and building automation.  COAP/UDP vs. HTTP/TCP

Eclipse Paho Project
The scope of the Paho project is to provide open source implementations of open and standard messaging protocols that support current and emerging requirements of M2M integration with Web and Enterprise middleware and applications.  It will include client implementations for use on embedded platforms along with corresponding server support as determined by the community.

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)
The MQTT protocol enables a publish/subscribe messaging model in an extremely lightweight way. It is useful for connections with remote locations where a small code footprint is required and/or network bandwidth is at a premium.

-Mosquitto: An Open Source MQTT v3.1 Broker

XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
An open technology for real-time communication, which powers a wide range of applications including instant messaging, presence, multi-party chat, voice and video calls, collaboration, lightweight middleware, content syndication, and generalized routing of XML data.


Specific Issues in IoT Standardization
Interoperability

• Radio access level
• Protocol level
• Semantic level (unified data exchange format within a specific domain. For true interoperability we needsemantic interoperability, the ability of the devices tounderstand what the data they communicate means.
• Semantic and Context level (between different industry domain)

• ETSI
• IETF
• W3C
• CASAGARAS
• EPC Global

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